Comparing the Latest JARUS SORA Issue and the Current OSC Framework in the UK

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) regulations have evolved significantly to ensure safe and efficient drone operations. Two prominent frameworks governing UAS operations include the Specific Operations Risk Assessment (SORA) issued by the Joint Authorities for Rulemaking of Unmanned Systems (JARUS) and the UK’s Operating Safety Case (OSC) framework, governed by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). This article explores the key differences between these regulatory approaches and outlines the latest CAA implementation deadlines for 2025 and beyond.

1. Understanding SORA and OSC Frameworks

1.1 Specific Operations Risk Assessment (SORA)

SORA is a methodology developed by JARUS to standardise risk assessments for UAS operations. The framework is intended to support aviation authorities and operators in determining the level of risk associated with drone operations and prescribing appropriate mitigation measures.

Key Aspects of SORA:

• Operational Volume: Defines flight geography, contingency volume, and risk buffers.

• Ground and Air Risk Classes: Determines risk severity for people and other aircraft.

• Operational Safety Objectives (OSOs): Outlines safety requirements based on Specific Assurance and Integrity Levels (SAIL).

• Comprehensive Safety Portfolio: Summarises mitigations and risk assessments required for approval.

• Flexible Risk-Based Approach: Categorises operations into different SAIL levels depending on risk factors.

  
  

1.2 Operating Safety Case (OSC) Framework in the UK

The UK CAA employs the OSC framework for UAS operations requiring authorisation under the ‘Specific’ category (CAP 722A). The OSC is a structured document that provides evidence demonstrating that the intended operation is safe and compliant with regulations.

Key Components of OSC:

• Volume 1: Operations Manual detailing procedures and safety measures.

• Volume 2: Technical description of the UAS, including performance and reliability data.

• Volume 3: Safety Risk Assessment (SRA) applying UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947

• As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) Principle: Ensures risks are minimised to a tolerable level.

  
  

2. Key Differences Between SORA and OSC Frameworks

Feature	SORA (JARUS)	OSC (UK CAA)
Risk Classification	Uses Ground and Air Risk Classes (GRC, ARC)	Uses a detailed Safety Risk Assessment (SRA) per operation
Operational Categories	SAIL levels from I to VI	Specific category applications based on operational complexity
Safety Objectives	24 Operational Safety Objectives (OSOs) with assigned robustness levels	Compliance with UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947 and CAP 722A safety requirements
Flexibility	Adaptable to various operational scenarios across jurisdictions	UK-specific framework tailored for CAA approvals
Application Process	Risk-based assessment with ANSP coordination	Detailed OSC submission with compliance checklist

3. CAA’s Implementation and Deadlines for 2025 and Beyond

The UK CAA is transitioning from the OSC framework to SORA, incorporating digitalisation and a more structured application process. Key deadlines and updates include:

• Q1 2025: The UK CAA will publish the UK SORA policy and the Remote Pilot Competency (RPC) policy. While these policies will provide detailed guidelines, they will not yet be in force.

• Q2 2025: The UK SORA Application Service will go live, making the SORA framework mandatory for all new and renewal applications.

• Ongoing Transition: Existing OSC-based Operational Authorisations (OAs) will remain valid until their expiry dates. Renewals will transition to SORA-based applications post-launch

  
  

4. Practical Implications for Drone Operators

Application Process Changes

• OSC Framework: Requires a comprehensive submission detailing all safety and operational aspects upfront.

• SORA Framework: Introduces a phased application process, reducing administrative burdens and allowing gradual compliance with safety requirements.

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Risk Assessment Approach

• OSC Framework: Uses qualitative assessments, which can be subjective.

• SORA Framework: Implements a quantitative, structured risk assessment, improving consistency and transparency.

  
  

Operational Flexibility

• OSC Framework: Operators may need to revise applications if details are insufficient.

• SORA Framework: Includes a mitigation calculator to help operators pre-assess requirements before final submission.

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Training and Competency Requirements

• The forthcoming Remote Pilot Competency (RPC) policy will introduce updated training and qualification requirements.

• Operators should ensure they meet competency standards ahead of the policy’s full implementation in 2025.

  
  

The transition from the OSC to the SORA framework marks a significant evolution in UK drone regulation. SORA introduces a more structured, digital, and risk-based approach, ensuring enhanced safety and efficiency for UAS operations. Operators should prepare for these changes by familiarising themselves with the SORA methodology, staying updated on regulatory deadlines, and aligning operational procedures with the new framework.

For further details, visit the CAA’s official website or consult CAP 722A and CAP 3040 publications.